The analysis and detection of urobilin in surface waters by HPLC-ES-MS has not been previously reported in the peer-reviewed literature. This methodology, using both urobilin and azithromycin (or any other human-use pharmaceutical) could be used to give public water authorities a definitive method for tracing the sources of human waste contamination. Besides urobilin, azithromycin, an antibiotic widely prescribed for human use only in the US, was also detected in many of these waters, with concentrations ranging from not detectable to 77 ng L(-1). As a marker of human waste, urobilin was detected in many of the source waters at concentrations ranging from not detectable to 300 ng L(-1). PFCs comprise a diverse group of chemicals that are widely used as processing additives during fluoropolymer production and as surfactants in consumer applications for over 50 years. Source waters from 21 sites in New England, Nevada, and Michigan were extracted using hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges and then analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry (HPLC-ES-MS). The occurrence and fate of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. Urobilin is excreted in both the urine and feces from many mammals, particularly humans. Urobilin is one of the final by-products of hemoglobin breakdown. ![]() One potential chemical marker of human waste is the compound urobilin. As an alternative, chemicals shed in feces and urine might be used to detect human waste contamination of environmental waters. Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Schecter A, PƤpke O, Tung K, Staskal D, Birnbaum L (2004) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers contamination of United States food. coli, do not serve as specific markers for any one host species and many can have origins other than feces. However, most of these microbes, for example E. Most of the methods used today detect such contamination by quantifying microbes occurring in feces in high enough densities that they can be measured easily. Giving public water authorities another tool to monitor and measure levels of human waste contamination of waters simply and rapidly would enhance public protection.
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